Educative material
Purpose of this corpus
This corpus, developed in collaboration with various partners of DJE, is designed to be a foundational tool for aspiring Deaf journalists. It addresses educational gaps by providing essential knowledge and skills necessary for a career in journalism. While it is a modest beginning, this corpus aims to equip future Deaf journalists with the basics needed to navigate and contribute to the field effectively.
To give readers a clearer idea of what they will learn, the corpus covers a wide range of essential topics:
Introduction and Methods of Journalism in the Deaf Community:
This theme includes an introduction to journalism, exploring its definition and ethics, and emphasising the importance of Deaf journalists. It covers key skills such as gathering and searching for information within the Deaf community, fact-checking, investigative methods, conducting interviews, and designing and implementing surveys.
Press Rights, Protection of Sources, and Media Organisation:
This theme focuses on the rights and duties of the press, including copyright issues and the protection of sources and journalists. It also delves into the technical aspects of live broadcasts, designing video formats for Deaf audiences, and ensuring accessibility of video content. Additionally, the corpus provides guidance on creating and maintaining a media organisation, from establishing its necessity and evidence to sustainability strategies.
Through this comprehensive coverage, the corpus aims to build a solid foundation for future Deaf journalists, equipping them with the skills and knowledge required to excel in the field.
Collaborative effort
The creation of this corpus has been a collaborative effort, bringing together expertise from different fields to ensure a comprehensive resource. Each section has been carefully crafted to address the unique challenges and opportunities within Deaf journalism. This provides a stepping stone towards a more inclusive and representative media landscape.
Through this initiative, DJE hopes to empower Deaf individuals to become influential journalists, shaping the news with their unique insights and perspectives. This is just the beginning, and we envision a future where Deaf journalists are integral to the fabric of global journalism, ensuring that all voices are heard and represented.
1. Introduction: the world of journalism and deaf journalism
What is journalism?
Journalism has a rich history that dates back to ancient times when societies first started recording events and sharing stories. In the 17th century, the first newspapers began to appear in Europe, marking the start of modern journalism. These early newspapers played a crucial role in informing the public and fostering an informed citizenry.
The primary role of journalism is to uncover stories, research facts, and share information with the public. This helps people stay informed about what’s happening in the world. Journalists serve as the eyes of society, reporting on events that people might not witness firsthand.
Journalists follow a code of ethics, a set of rules that ensures they report the truth as accurately and fairly as possible. They avoid expressing personal opinions or biases in their reporting. Their goal is to present information in a way that allows people to form their own conclusions.
The importance of journalism for democracy
Journalism is vital for a transparent and efficient democracy. Access to knowledge empowers individuals to make informed decisions. Throughout history, informed citizens have used journalism to hold governments accountable, promote transparency, and advocate for change. It is a cornerstone of a healthy society, providing the public with the information necessary to participate fully in civic life.
Challenges in deaf journalism
Journalism within the Deaf community has encountered distinct challenges. Historically, educational barriers have restricted access to the skills and knowledge essential for effective journalism. Even today, higher education remains largely inaccessible for many Deaf individuals. Consequently, Deaf journalism is still in its infancy, working to establish a strong and independent voice.
Moreover, Deaf people have little to no access to news in their preferred language.
Few news sources are available in sign language, and mainstream news outlets often fail to communicate effectively with Deaf audiences, as hearing interpreters can be difficult to understand. This underscores the importance of our role in providing news that is fully tailored to their language and information needs.
Deaf journalism also introduces a fresh perspective within the existing media landscape. It addresses biases often present in reports by hearing journalists. For instance, when covering stories about music interpreters, mainstream outlets frequently label them as “heroes” without consulting Deaf communities, which reflects a significant gap in representation and understanding
Deaf journalism Europe: a new era
Deaf Journalism Europe (DJE) aims to herald a new era of deaf journalism. Unlike simply translating mainstream news, DJE seeks to investigate and report news from a Deaf perspective. This initiative is not just about making existing news accessible but about creating original content that reflects the experiences and concerns of the Deaf community.
Academic studies, such as the one by Dhoest and Rijckaert titled “News ‘with’ or ‘in’ sign language? Case study on the comprehensibility of sign language in news broadcasts”, have shown that this approach to news reporting is the most preferred by Deaf signers. Their research highlights that news produced directly in sign language, rather than merely translated, is more comprehensible and resonant with the Deaf audience, ensuring that the content is both meaningful and accessible.
Without waiting any longer, here are the first principles to respect as journalists. With the growing field of social media, capturing a story and sharing it is incredibly easy. This raises the question: what is the difference between an influencer and a journalist? We will try to answer this from the position of Deaf journalists. We also provide some key points about the importance of having Deaf journalists, hoping these will give you strength for the hard moments that might follow in your career. We will end by presenting the summary of the entire corpus.
News: Finding the whole story
Imagine two Deaf friends discussing about a new deaf school on social media. A Deaf journalist wouldn’t just rely on their one visit! Here’s what sets news apart:
- Digging Deeper : Journalists don’t just take a quick peek. They learn as much information as they can about the school. They might visit several times, talk to teachers and students, and compare it to other schools. This helps them give a full picture.
- Fair and Balanced : News reports try to show both sides of the story. They might talk about the school’s great programmes, but also mention if there are any activities the school doesn’t offer.
- Double-Checking : Before sharing information, journalists make sure it’s true. They use reliable sources and avoid spreading rumours or false information.
- Holding People in Charge Accountable : Journalists often investigate and report on things that affect the Deaf community, like making sure Deaf people have access to things they need or that everyone is treated fairly. They’re like watchdogs, making sure those in charge are doing their jobs.
Social media buzz: Sharing personal experiences
Social media influencers might simply share their own visit to the Deaf school, focusing on how much they liked it. Here’s how it’s different:
- Personal Opinions : Social media influencers mostly share their own thoughts and experiences. Their posts might be more like personal stories and less like in-depth reports.
- Partnerships : Sometimes social media influencers might be working with organisations they talk about. This could mean they’re more likely to focus on the good things and not mention any problems.
- Limited Focus : Influencers often focus on specific areas, like education or technology. They might not have the time or knowledge to investigate everything in the same way a journalist does.
Why thinking critically about information matters
The main difference between news and social media buzz comes down to something called ethics. Journalists have strict rules to follow that emphasise fairness, accuracy, and being honest. Social media influencers don’t have these same rules, but they should still try to be honest with their followers.
Here are some questions to ask yourself when evaluating information online:
- Who’s sharing this? Is it a journalist from a trusted news source, or a social media influencer who might be biased?
- Where did they get their information? Do they have proof to back up what they’re saying?
- Does it seem fair and balanced? Or does it only focus on one side of the story?
By thinking critically about information, the Deaf community can tell the difference between news and social media buzz. This helps you make informed decisions based on reliable and trustworthy sources.
The need for deaf journalists
The Deaf community faces significant barriers to accessing information. Traditional news outlets often lack sign language interpretation or captions, making it difficult for Deaf individuals to have access to the information. This can leave them feeling isolated and uninformed.
Deaf journalism: bridging the gap
Deaf journalism is not just about translating regular news into sign language. It involves creating news content that is both accessible and relevant to the Deaf community. Here’s why Deaf journalism is crucial:
Cultural Understanding : Deaf journalists understand the cultural nuances and lived experiences of Deaf people. They tell stories that reflect the richness of Deaf culture and address issues that are important to the Deaf community.
Accessibility: By using sign language as the primary language for news reporting, Deaf journalism ensures that information is readily accessible to Deaf people who may struggle with written language.
Multiple perspectives: Deaf journalism strives to present a variety of perspectives on news stories, empowering the Deaf public to form their own informed opinions on current events.
Critical thinking: Deaf journalists help the Deaf community develop critical thinking skills, enabling them to analyse information, question assumptions, and make their own informed decisions.
Empowerment: By providing accurate and accessible information, Deaf journalism empowers the Deaf community to participate fully in society and advocate for their rights.
A new era for European deaf journalism: Welcome to DJE’s training!
This training program is part of the groundbreaking Deaf Journalism Europe (DJE) project [https://www.deafjournalism.eu/#about]. DJE is a network of six Deaf-led media organisations committed to:
Innovation: Providing daily news content in sign language, fostering critical thinking, and challenging traditional narratives.
Collaboration: Establishing a collaborative network to pool resources, expertise, and best practices.
Diversity: Actively involving deaf journalists from various backgrounds, ensuring deaf voices are heard and celebrated.
Impartiality and Editorial Independence: Upholding the principles of journalistic integrity and freedom of the press.
Quality: Ensuring high-quality news content that meets the needs of the Deaf community.
Throughout this course, you’ll delve deeper into the exciting world of Deaf journalism. You’ll learn about the ethical principles of journalism, explore different areas of Deaf journalism, and discover the skills needed to become a successful Deaf journalist.
This introduction is just the beginning of your journey. Join us and be a part of something important – a movement to empower the Deaf community through the power of Deaf journalism!
Throughout this course, you’ll delve deeper into the exciting world of deaf journalism.
You’ll learn about the ethical principles of journalism, explore different areas of deaf journalism, and discover the skills needed to become a successful deaf journalist.
This introduction is just the beginning of your journey. Join us and be a part of something important – a movement to empower the deaf community through the power of deaf journalism!
Gathering information
Are you ready to uncover amazing stories within the Deaf community? Finding reliable information is the first step to crafting powerful reports. The Deaf community isn’t like a library with neatly organised shelves. It’s more like a vibrant town square, bustling with conversations and connections!
Here’s how to navigate this exciting world and find the information you need:
Dive into Deaf Online Communities
Think of Deaf social media groups, forums, and websites as the heart of a busy town square. Here, Deaf people from different backgrounds share news, ideas, and experiences in sign language. This lively exchange of information is full of useful stories waiting to be discovered!
The Deaf community is made up of many smaller groups, each with its own identity and characteristics. These smaller groups can be based on:
Identity: Some individuals identify as hard of hearing, while others are third-generation Deaf. These identities shape their experiences and views. However, it’s important to recognise that identity is multifaceted and extends beyond just hearing status. Other aspects such as gender, LGBTQ+ identities, race, ethnicity (BIPOC), and religion also play significant roles in shaping individuals’ experiences and perspectives. These intersecting identities contribute to the diversity within the Deaf community and influence how people engage with and interpret the world around them..
Geography: Deaf people in different regions may have unique cultural practices and local issues.
Social Class: Economic background can affect access to resources and opportunities, resulting in diverse experiences within the Deaf community.
Interests: From cultural enthusiasts to football club supporters, Deaf people come together around shared hobbies and passions.
Social media is a great way to dive into these different subgroups. For example:
Cultural Communities: Online groups focused on Deaf culture and arts are lively places where members discuss Deaf history, sign language literature, and visual arts. These groups celebrate and keep the unique cultural heritage of the Deaf community alive.
Sports fans: Deaf fans of local football clubs or other sports form close-knit communities. They share updates, arrange meet-ups, and support their teams. These groups show the strong community spirit and shared love for sports within the Deaf community.
Geographical groups: Region-specific Deaf social media groups highlight local events, news, and issues important to Deaf individuals in that area. These groups help members stay connected to their local Deaf community and work together for local concerns.
Support networks: Groups for hard of hearing individuals or those with specific medical conditions provide support, share information about accessibility resources, and discuss coping strategies.
Exploring these online communities can give journalists valuable insights into the experiences, concerns, and dreams of different Deaf groups. It allows journalists to understand the details and variety within the Deaf community, making sure their reporting includes all voices.
By engaging with these smaller groups, journalists can find stories that might be missed otherwise, highlight underrepresented views, and build trust within the Deaf community. This approach not only makes journalism better but also empowers Deaf people by giving them a platform to share their stories and experiences.
In summary, exploring Deaf online communities is like stepping into a dynamic town square, where many voices and stories come together. Understanding and reporting on the various groups within the Deaf community can lead to more comprehensive and authentic journalism. This process of engagement and exploration helps ensure that all parts of the Deaf experience are heard and represented in the media.
Build your network:
Just like making friends in town, connect with other Deaf individuals, organisations, and activists. This network becomes your personal information highway, leading you to stories and firsthand accounts.
Attend deaf events
Don’t miss out on the town festivals! Deaf events, workshops, and conferences are rich with opportunities. Not only can you gather information firsthand, but you can also network with Deaf community members face-to-face.
Uncover statistical data:
As a journalist, statistics can strengthen your reports. Here’s where to find reliable data on the Deaf community:
Government Websites: Check websites of ministries or offices for health, labor, education, or social security in your country. They often publish data on demographics, employment, education, and health, including information relevant to the Deaf community.
Deaf Organisations: Organisations like the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) or local Deaf associations frequently collect and share statistics on the Deaf community.
Academic Research: Universities and research institutions conduct studies on Deaf individuals. You can access these studies and reports through academic databases and search engines like PubMed, Google Scholar, or ResearchGate.
International Organisations: Entities like the World Health Organisation (WHO) or the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) also provide statistics and reports on the Deaf community.
Why reliable sources matter:
Imagine you’re building a strong house. Reliable sources are like the bricks you use!
When reporting on the Deaf community, using information from trusted sources like government websites, Deaf organisations, and academic research strengthens your stories. This accurate information helps people understand the Deaf community’s needs and achievements, and can even lead to positive changes like new policies or increased accessibility.
Fact-Checking: be a trusted reporter
In today’s world, false information spreads quickly. As a journalist, your job is to be a truth-seeker, ensuring your reports are accurate and trustworthy. This is where fact-checking comes in!
Why fact-checking matters:
Imagine a rumor spreading through the town square. Fact-checking is like verifying the rumor before sharing. It stops misinformation and ensures you report the truth.
Fact-checking: ensuring accuracy in reporting
When it comes to journalism, particularly within the Deaf community, it’s crucial to approach fact-checking with careful scrutiny. Mainstream journalism, often dominated by hearing and non-Deaf journalists, can carry strong biases, especially regarding Deaf-related topics. Therefore, it’s vital for Deaf journalists to be vigilant in verifying information to ensure it accurately represents their community.
Websites & databases: Numerous online resources are dedicated to fact-checking, helping you verify information and debunk myths. However, it’s essential to consider the potential biases in these sources, especially when they relate to Deaf issues.
Fact-checking projects: Organisations like FactCheckEU, a collaborative fact-checking project involving journalists from several European countries, focus on verifying claims made by politicians and public figures. While their resources are valuable, Deaf journalists should critically assess these claims, particularly those concerning the Deaf community, to avoid perpetuating misunderstandings or biases.
International fact-checking network (IFCN): The IFCN includes several European fact-checking organisations among its members and provides a code of principles for fact-checkers. While the IFCN’s resources are comprehensive, it is important for Deaf journalists to apply these principles with an awareness of the specific biases that may exist in mainstream reporting on Deaf issues.
By using these fact-checking tools and resources thoughtfully, journalists can better ensure that their reporting is accurate, unbiased, and truly reflective of the experiences and perspectives of the Deaf community.
Developing a Fact-Checking Habit:
Double-check: Always verify information from multiple sources, especially on sensitive topics.
Trusted sources: Collaborate with well-respected Deaf organisations, experts, and community leaders. Their insights help you verify information and gain a deeper understanding.
Being a responsible deaf journalist:
Many fact-checking organisations follow a code of conduct. Here’s how this applies to Deaf journalists:
Fairness: Deaf journalists fact-check information from all perspectives, regardless of the source. This ensures your reporting is unbiased and fair to everyone in the Deaf community.
Example: You’re investigating a new government policy on sign language interpreters in schools. Be sure to include information and perspectives from parents of Deaf children, educators, and government officials. This shows you’ve considered all sides of the issue.
Independence: Your reports should remain free from external influence This allows you to freely investigate topics like Deaf education policies or accessibility laws.
Example: Imagine a Deaf advocacy group offers to fund your report on accessibility issues in local businesses. While this funding could be helpful, it might create a conflict of interest. You could choose to decline the funding or disclose it clearly in your report, explaining that the funding doesn’t influence your reporting.
Transparency: Be clear about your sources and funding. This builds trust with the Deaf community.
Transparency in Action:
There are several ways to maintain transparency with your audience:
Source Disclosure: Clearly state where you obtained your information. This might include mentioning interviews with Deaf community members, statistics from government websites, or research papers from academic journals.
Funding disclosure: If your report is funded by an organisation, grant, or individual, disclose this information. Briefly explain how the funding was used and emphasise that it did not influence your reporting.
Background information: Briefly introduce yourself and your connection to the Deaf community (if any). This helps your audience understand your perspective and potential biases.
By following these principles, you can ensure your reporting is accurate, fair, and trustworthy, building trust with the Deaf community you serve.
Investigative methods
Unveiling the story: Essential investigative methods for deaf journalists
Being a deaf journalist allows you to uncover amazing stories within the Deaf community. But how do you go beyond what’s readily available and find the information that truly matters? This section dives into two essential investigative methods: conducting interviews and crafting surveys. By mastering these techniques, you’ll be equipped with the tools to gather reliable information, gain valuable insights from Deaf community members, and ultimately, create impactful stories that resonate with your Deaf audience.
Here’s the comprehensive guide on conducting interviews for your Deaf audience, incorporating all the information from both sections:
Let’s talk: Powerful conversations in deaf culture
Interviews are like special conversations that enable you, as a Deaf journalist, to ask questions and gain insights from individuals’ experiences. They provide great way to gather rich information and share Deaf voices with the world! To get the most out of your interviews, follow these steps:
Before the interview: digging deeper
Do your research: Show respect and prepare thoughtful questions by learning about the person you’ll interview and the topic you’ll discuss. For example, if interviewing a famous Deaf artist – research their background and artwork beforehand.
Set the stage: Build trust by explaining the purpose of the interview and how you’ll use the information you gather. Consider how the information from your interview will benefit and inform the Deaf community.
Craft Your Questions
When preparing for an interview, it’s essential to create a list of questions that start with broad topics and gradually delve into specific details. Here’s a guide to crafting effective questions, along with examples of what to avoid and what works well, especially in the context of the Deaf community:
Warm-up: Ease into the conversation with general questions.
Bad Example: “So, why are you Deaf?” (This is intrusive and assumes the interviewee wants to discuss their deafness in this way.)
Good Example: “Tell me about your journey in advocating for Deaf rights.” (This is open-ended and allows the interviewee to share their experiences comfortably.)
Dig Deeper: Ask specific questions related to the topic.
Bad Example: “Isn’t it difficult for Deaf people to follow along in mainstream education?” (This question is leading and could come across as patronising.)
Good Example: “What challenges have you encountered in the mainstream education system, and how have you addressed them?” (This encourages a detailed response and respects the interviewee’s experiences.)
Follow-up: Show you’re interested by asking follow-up questions based on their answers.
Bad Example: “But isn’t that just a normal struggle for anyone?” (This minimises the unique experiences of the Deaf community.)
Good Example: “You mentioned facing barriers in accessing information—could you elaborate on how that impacted your educational journey (This shows active listening and invites the interviewee to share more.)
Wrap-up: Give them a chance to share final thoughts.
Bad Example: “Anything else?” (This is vague and unengaging.)
Good Example: “What message would you like to share with the Deaf community or those interested in supporting Deaf rights?” (This invites a meaningful conclusion to the conversation.)
By carefully crafting your questions and being mindful of how they might be perceived, especially within the Deaf community, you can conduct interviews that are respectful, insightful, and impactful.
Setting the scene:
Comfort and clarity: Choose a quiet, comfortable space with good lighting for clear sign language visibility.Choose a well-lit setting to ensure clear visibility of hand signs during the interview
Tech check: If you’re recording the interview, make sure all equipment works properly beforehand. Avoid technical difficulties that could disrupt the flow of the conversation.
Be aware of your own attitude:
As Deaf journalists, we’re all human! We have our own opinions and experiences. During an interview, it’s crucial to maintain objectivity. This means presenting information fairly and without personal bias. Here’s how to achieve this:
Open mind, open heart: Approach each interview impartially perspective, treating every person you interview with respect and fairness. Remember, the Deaf community relies on you to deliver accurate and unbiased information.
Neutral questions: Ask questions that are neutral and balanced. Avoid leading questions that might push the interviewee towards a specific answer. The goal is to let them share their unique thoughts and experiences freely.
Accurate representation: By asking unbiased questions, you allow the interviewee to contribute to a more complete and authentic portrayal of the topic at hand.
During the interview: building rapport and gathering information
Break the ice! Engage light conversation to build rapport and ease the tension. Friendly conversation can go a long way in creating a more relaxed interview environment.
Culturally aware! Adapt your signing style to match with the interviewee’s background. Be mindful of their preferred communication style and adapt your signing accordingly.
Listen actively! Pay attention to their words, expressions, and emotions. Show them you’re engaged and interested in what they have to say.
Be flexible! Adapt your questions based on the conversation’s flow. Sometimes, the best questions arise organically during the interview. Be prepared to follow interesting tangents that emerge.
Encourage details! Use prompts like “Can you share more about that?” (if it’s a video interview, make sure the interviewee’s answer refers to the unseen question). Encourage them to elaborate on their answers to provide a richer picture.
Follow up! Ask clarifying questions to get a deeper understanding. Don’t hesitate to ask for more information if something is unclear.
Manage time! Cover all your important points while respecting the agreed time frame. Be mindful of the interviewee’s schedule and stick to the allotted time.
After the interview: showing appreciation
Say Thanks! Send a thank-you note expressing appreciation for their time and insights. Express your gratitude for their willingness to share their experiences with the Deaf community.
Remember: be objective. Your role is to gather information fairly and accurately. Set aside personal opinions and present the information in an unbiased way.
Bonus Tip! Interviewing Hearing People with Interpreters
When interviewing a hearing person with an interpreter, ensure clear visuals and good sound quality for smooth communication:
Repeat information: If needed, repeat information for accurate translation. This ensures the interpreter has all the necessary details to convey the message clearly.
Fingerspelling confirmation: If a third person or organisation is mentioned, confirm the fingerspelling to avoid any misunderstandings.
From our experience, we’ve learned that using Deaf interpreters in post-production provides a higher quality translation than live interpretation. We usually work with hearing interpreters during the interview with hearing people, but they are kept out of the picture. The interview is then subtitled, and a Deaf interpreter translates it, often using a green screen for seamless integration in post-production. This method significantly enhances the accuracy and clarity of the final product, making it a highly recommended approach.
By following these tips and considering the benefits of post-production interpretation, you’ll be well on your way to conducting successful interviews and creating impactful stories for the Deaf community!
Surveys: Finding the story in numbers
Surveys are valuable tools that help Deaf journalists to gather insights from many Deaf people at once. They’re like treasure chests filled with information, but like any tool, they have good and bad points.
Advantages about surveys
Learn from many people: Unlike interviews with one person, surveys let you connect with a bigger group. This gives you a broader picture of what Deaf people think. Imagine asking 10 Deaf people about their favorite movies. A survey lets you ask 100 people!
See changes over time: Imagine a time machine for opinions! Surveys done over time can show how Deaf people’s ideas change. This helps understand new problems or see if things are getting better.
Things to watch out for in surveys
Not always truthful: Sometimes, people answer in a way they think sounds good, not how they truly feel. Imagine a survey about healthy food. People might say they eat vegetables every day, but maybe they don’t!
Asking the right people: Imagine asking only chocolate lovers about pizza! If your survey doesn’t reach the right Deaf people, the information might be wrong. For example, if you want to know about sign language interpreters at doctors’ offices, you wouldn’t ask people who never go to the doctor.
Big picture vs. details: Surveys are great for getting a general idea, but they might not capture all the details. Imagine a pie chart showing how many Deaf people use video calls. It doesn’t tell you why they use them.
Saying vs. doing: People might say something is important, but not actually do it. Surveys can tell you what people think is important, but they don’t necessarily predict what they’ll do. Imagine asking about using public transportation. People might say they want to use it more, but if the buses aren’t accessible, they won’t.
Asking clear questions
Simple words: Use easy-to-understand words for everyone to participate. Avoid technical terms or confusing words.
One question at a time: Don’t ask two questions in one sign! This can be confusing and lead to inaccurate answers. Keep your questions clear and focused on one topic at a time.
Defining behaviors: When asking about actions or habits, be specific about what you mean. This helps people understand exactly what you’re asking and give you more accurate results. For example, instead of asking “How often do you attend Deaf cultural events?” you could ask “In the past year, how many Deaf cultural events, such as festivals or art shows, have you attended?”
Making a good survey
Test it first: Before sharing your survey with the Deaf community, try it out on a smaller group first. This helps identify any problems with the questions or answer choices, ensuring your survey is clear and easy to understand.
Consistent questions: Make sure all your survey questions are phrased and formatted in the same way to avoid confusion.
Fair choices: When offering answer options, make sure they are fair and unbiased. Don’t lead people towards a particular answer by using unbalanced choices.
Social media polls: quick takes, not deep dives
Social media polls can be a fun way to get a quick idea of what people think. However, they have limitations compared to formal surveys.
Not everyone involved: People who participate in social media polls might not represent the whole Deaf community. They might be younger people who use social media a lot, or people with specific viewpoints depending on the platform.
Limited choices: Social media polls typically offer a limited number of answer choices, which might not capture the full range of opinions.
When social media polls can be useful
Despite limitations, social media polls can be useful for:
Checking interest: Before spending a lot of time on a big survey, you can use a social media poll to see if people are interested in a topic.
Starting a conversation: Polls can be a conversation starter, encouraging people to share their thoughts and perspectives.
Getting feedback: Use a social media poll to ask your audience what they think about a new idea or piece of content.
By understanding surveys and social media polls, Deaf journalists can use them effectively to gather information and create stories for the Deaf community. Remember, surveys can be a valuable tool, but it’s important to be critical and think about who did the survey and how they did it.
Your rights and responsibilities: building trust as a deaf journalist
Sharing news and stories within the Deaf community is a significant responsibility. As a Deaf journalist, you have crucial rights and duties to uphold. These principles not only safeguard your work but also help establish trust with the Deaf community, ensuring they can rely on the news you provide.
Why trust matters: overcoming challenges
Deaf individuals might sometimes be wary of information from other Deaf people due to audism (the belief that Deaf people are inferior) or because they have historically been excluded from the media. Therefore, it’s vital for Deaf journalists to adhere to ethical guidelines meticulously. By doing so, you can build trust and demonstrate that your reporting is reliable and credible.
Rights: protecting your work
Copyright laws protect the original work you create as a journalist, such as articles, videos, or photos. These laws give you control over how your work is used and shared, akin to a special ownership sign that prevents others from using your work without permission. Here’s why copyright is important:
Control: You decide how your work is shared, crucial in the digital age where information can be easily copied and spread.
Credit and payment: When others use your work, they should give you credit and potentially compensate you.
Understanding copyright:
Originality: Copyright protects original work in a physical form, like written articles, videos, or photographs.
Automatic protection: Your work is protected by copyright automatically; registration is not required.
To enhance your articles with images, follow these tips:
Make your own: Take your photos or create your graphics.
Get permission: Ask permission before using someone else’s image.
Fair use: Sometimes you can use a small part of a copyrighted image without permission for criticism, commentary, or news reporting, but it can be complex.
Source your images: Use images from reputable sources.
Give credit: Always credit the original creator.
Creative commons: Look for images with Creative Commons licenses.
Consider AI-generated images: When appropriate, you can use AI-generated images to create original visuals tailored to your content. These images can provide a unique and creative way to illustrate your articles, but it’s important to use them responsibly, ensuring they accurately represent the subject matter and do not perpetuate stereotypes or misinformation.
By following these guidelines, you can enhance your articles with images that are ethical, relevant, and impactful.
Staying independent
Maintaining independence and avoiding influence is crucial for unbiased and accurate reporting, which builds trust with the public. For Deaf journalists, this might be challenging due to personal connections within the Deaf community. However, setting clear boundaries and adhering to professional roles can help maintain objectivity.
Remember: your role as a trusted source of information
Sharing news and stories within the Deaf community comes with great responsibility. By adhering to ethical principles, you build trust and establish yourself as a reliable source of information.
The munich charter: a legacy of ethical journalism
The Munich Charter, or the Declaration of the Duties and Rights of Journalists, is a historical document with a powerful legacy, emphasising truth, fairness, and independence.
Here’s your ethical toolkit based on the Munich Charter:
Truth time: Always aim to report the truth, double-check facts, and correct mistakes promptly.
Be independent: Avoid influences that might skew your reporting.
Fairness is key: Report fairly and without bias, showing all sides of the story.
Respect people’s privacy: Respect privacy unless there is a significant public interest.
Protect your sources: Safeguard the identities of confidential sources.
Protecting your sources: a crucial duty in deaf journalism
In the close-knit Deaf community, protecting confidential sources is essential. Here are strategies for protecting your sources:
Establish trust early: Communicate your commitment to confidentiality from the beginning.
Minimise identifying details: Avoid details that could reveal your source’s identity.
Use pseudonyms or composites: Consider using pseudonyms or creating composite characters to protect identities.
Confidentiality agreements: Have sources sign confidentiality agreements for sensitive information.
Secure communication: Use secure messaging apps and avoid traceable communication methods.
Limit who knows: Share source information only with those who need to know within your organisation.
Keeping yourself safe
Journalism can be risky, especially when covering challenging stories. Here are ways to stay safe:
Be aware of risks: Consider potential dangers and take steps to protect yourself.
Digital security: Protect your online communication using secure messaging apps and safeguarding your devices.
Take care of yourself: Manage stress by seeking support and maintaining a work-life balance.
The law: knowing your rights in Europe
While source protection laws vary across Europe, many countries have strong protections for journalists. Resources like the European Federation of Journalists (EFJ) and Reporters Without Borders (RSF) can provide legal resources and advocacy for journalists.
Managing personal connections and objective reporting
Feedback from Deaf journalists highlights the challenge of balancing personal connections with objective reporting. Here are insights from journalists:
Managing personal connections and objective reporting : balancing personal connections with objective reporting is a critical aspect of journalistic integrity.
Insights from Deaf journalists emphasise the importance of maintaining this balance:
Ethical considerations: Ethics are crucial in journalism. If a conflict of interest arises, it’s best to have a more neutral journalist take over the story. This helps to ensure unbiased reporting and maintain public trust.
Adhering to ethical standards: Following established journalism charters, like the Munich Charter, and actively seeking different perspectives while setting clear boundaries can aid in preserving neutrality.
Source transparency: Informing sources about how their information will be used and finding alternative ways to confirm sensitive information when necessary can help manage personal connections effectively. This practice builds trust and ensures the credibility of the reporting process.
Managing social media presence :Balancing personal and professional content on social media is a challenge for journalists.
Here are some strategies to navigate this landscape:
Neutrality on social media: Maintaining neutrality is essential. Journalists should strive to separate their personal views from their professional reporting to avoid any perception of bias.
Workshops and guidelines: Engaging in workshops on social media ethics and adhering to established charters can provide journalists with the tools needed to balance personal and professional content effectively.
Clarity of role: Sometimes, maintaining strict neutrality can inadvertently align with oppressive viewpoints. Being clear about the journalist’s role and the intent behind their content can help manage perceptions and uphold ethical standards.
Potential conflicts of interest : Conflicts of interest can arise from dual roles or personal connections. This is particularly true for Deaf journalists, who are often deeply connected to the Deaf community. Their relationships with friends, family, and other community members can sometimes complicate their position as impartial reporters.
Here are strategies to handle these potential conflicts:
Acknowledge your connections: Be transparent about your relationships within the community and how they might influence your reporting.
Seek outside perspectives: When possible, consult with others outside your immediate circle to provide balance and avoid bias.
Maintain professional boundaries: Strive to separate your personal relationships from your professional responsibilities to ensure that your reporting remains objective.
Disclose potential conflicts: If a story involves people you know personally, consider disclosing this to your audience to maintain trust and credibility.
By being mindful of these dynamics, Deaf journalists can navigate the unique challenges they face while upholding the integrity of their work.
Common biases in journalism Journalistic biases can affect the objectivity and fairness of reporting. Recognising and mitigating these biases is essential:
Confirmation bias: The tendency to favor information that confirms pre-existing beliefs should be actively countered by seeking diverse sources and perspectives.
Visual bias: Preferring visual content might lead to an incomplete portrayal of events. Journalists should ensure that visual elements are complemented by thorough reporting.
Narrative bias: Creating a story out of events can oversimplify or distort facts. It’s important to present a balanced view that reflects the complexity of the situation.
Partisan bias: Showing favoritism towards a political party or ideology should be avoided to maintain credibility and trust.
Biases Specific to the Deaf Community
When reporting on the Deaf community, it is essential to be aware of and address various biases to ensure fair and respectful journalism. This includes recognising the intersectional identities of Deaf individuals, who may also be part of other communities, such as LGBTQ+, BIPOC, and others. Here’s how to navigate these challenges:
Avoiding Negative Stories: Journalists might hesitate to report negative stories about institutions due to personal connections or affiliations. It’s crucial to uphold honesty and transparency, even when it involves challenging or uncomfortable topics.
For example, if a Deaf organisation has been involved in a controversy, reporting the facts fairly is essential, despite personal relationships.
Oppression Sensitivity: Reporting on oppression within the Deaf community, or more broadly, can be complex. Journalists should strive to provide a voice to those who are oppressed while maintaining objectivity.
For instance, when covering issues related to systemic barriers faced by Deaf BIPOC individuals, ensure that their stories are represented accurately and sensitively, without letting personal biases influence the portrayal.
Deaf Support Bias: It is natural to lean towards Deaf perspectives due to personal connections or affiliations. However, it is vital to balance this inclination with objective reporting. For example, if covering a Deaf-led advocacy group, ensure that the reporting includes a range of perspectives and not just those that align with personal views or affiliations.
Inclusive Language Bias: Using inclusive language when reporting on the Deaf community is crucial for respectful and accurate journalism, but it should not compromise the neutrality of your reporting.
Here’s how to achieve this:Be Respectful and Accurate: Use the preferred terms of the Deaf individuals and communities you report on. For instance, use “Deaf” or “hard of hearing” as appropriate, and avoid outdated or potentially offensive terms. Example: Instead of using “hearing impaired,” which can be considered outdated, use “Deaf” or “hard of hearing” as preferred by the community.
Maintain Neutrality: Inclusivity should not skew the facts or imply bias. Present the Deaf community’s perspectives fairly and without framing them in a way that suggests heroism or victimhood.
Example: When reporting on Deaf artists, focus on their artistic achievements rather than presenting them solely as “inspirational figures” overcoming adversity.
Avoid Stereotypes: Be cautious of language that reinforces stereotypes about the Deaf community. Ensure your reporting reflects the diversity and complexity of experiences within the community. Example: Avoid portraying Deaf individuals as solely reliant on technology or sign language without acknowledging the variety of ways they navigate and interact with the world.
Consult Community Members: Engage with Deaf individuals and organisations to ensure that your language and representation are accurate and respectful. Their feedback can help align your reporting with the community’s values and preferences.
Example: Before publishing a story on Deaf culture, consult with Deaf community leaders to verify that the portrayal is accurate and reflects diverse perspectives within the community.
By applying these principles, journalists can approach reporting on the Deaf community with both inclusivity and neutrality, ensuring that their work is respectful, accurate, and free from bias.
Understanding your rights and responsibilities as a Deaf journalist, along with protecting your sources and yourself, is key to maintaining honest and trustworthy journalism. By following these principles and learning from the experiences of fellow Deaf journalists, you can be a part of a free and independent press that delivers accurate and reliable information to the Deaf community.
The Role of AI in Deaf Journalism
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming various fields, including journalism, by offering tools that enhance writing, research, and content creation.
For Deaf journalists, these advancements hold particular promise. However, despite rapid developments, AI still has limitations. The creation and interpretation of sign language content, for instance, necessitate human involvement. While AI-generated avatars in sign language are improving, they cannot yet fully replicate the nuances and accuracy of human signers.
Additionally, much of the Deaf community’s information exists in video format on social media platforms, which AI struggles to access due to the lack of subtitles and other accessibility features. This gap highlights the ongoing need for human presence in specific areas of Deaf journalism.
AI Tools for Writing and Research
AI can assist journalists in generating high-quality articles through advanced language models that offer natural language writing and summarisation capabilities. Here are some recommended tools:
Claude 3.5 Sonnet: Claude 3.5 Sonnet stands out for its excellent summarisation and natural language writing capabilities, making it an invaluable tool for journalists. It offers a free version with substantial features, while the paid version provides even more advanced functionalities. Think of it as a sophisticated guide, helping to shape your articles with precision.
Perplexity.ai: More than just an AI search engine, Perplexity.ai includes tools for math and writing, supported by models like Claude 3.5 Sonnet and GPT-4. Imagine it as an all-in-one research assistant, providing comprehensive answers and reliable sources.
Microsoft Copilot: Copilot by Microsoft is adept at making summaries and is available for free, albeit with limited outputs. It’s like having a concise editor, distilling information into clear and manageable pieces.
ChatGPT: Known for its generative AI capabilities, ChatGPT can assist in creating content and providing inspiration. Its free version is robust, while the paid version unlocks additional features. Consider it your creative partner in crafting engaging narratives.
DeepL Translator + DeepL Write: Renowned for its accuracy, DeepL is perfect for translation and language correction, ensuring your articles are accessible to a broader audience. Think of it as a multilingual editor, fine-tuning your text for clarity and precision.Conducting thorough research
AI can also aid in gathering information, ensuring that journalists have access to diverse and credible sources:
Perplexity.ai: An ideal tool for comprehensive searches, Perplexity.ai helps journalists find detailed and varied information, suitable for deep dives into complex topics.
Consensus.app: Specialising in scientific fact-checking, Consensus.app is perfect for verifying academic and research-based content. It’s like having a fact-checking expert on call, ensuring accuracy in every piece.
Writing effective AI prompts
To maximise the benefits of AI tools, it’s crucial to craft effective prompts. Here’s how to structure them:
Example 1: “Write a 1500-word article on [topic] for [target audience]. Include relevant statistics and cite your sources. Use storytelling in the introductory paragraph to engage readers. Focus on [specific aspects] rather than [what to avoid]. Mention [your company/product] briefly (no more than twice) to illustrate how it addresses [problem]. Conclude with a thought-provoking question.”
Example 2: “Can you please write about [ADD TOPIC] for Deaf people who do not know or did not understand what it means? Please write just one A4 page (400 words) in easy-to-read language (maximum level A2).”
Step-by-Step Guide to Writing Articles with AI
Step 1: searching and writing the article
Conduct a Thorough Search: Use Perplexity.ai or any reliable search engine to gather information. Ensure you select reputable sources for diverse perspectives.
Compile and Write the Article: Collect the information and draft your article, citing sources properly.
Step 2: checking citations and context
Verify Citations: Use Google Docs to paste your draft and check each citation. Ensure the sources are legitimate and the context is accurate.
Step 3: reviewing the draft article
Review and Revise: Use GPT-4 or Claude 3.5 to review the article. Follow the provided feedback to make necessary revisions and enhance the article’s quality.
Visual and Multimedia Content Creation
AI also offers powerful tools for creating visuals and multimedia content, which are essential for engaging journalism:
Dream Machine: This new tool converts text and pictures into video, enabling journalists to create short videos or films that might otherwise be too costly or difficult to produce. It’s like having a personal filmmaker at your disposal. Dream Machine
Microsoft Copilot: In addition to its summarisation capabilities, Copilot can create AI-generated images for free. Imagine it as your in-house graphic designer, ready to produce visual content on demand. Microsoft Copilot
MidJourney: For more advanced AI-generated images, MidJourney provides a powerful platform, mostly available through paid subscriptions. Think of it as a premium studio, offering high-quality visuals for your articles. MidJourney
Critical considerations when using AI
While AI offers numerous advantages, it is essential to approach it with a critical eye:
Verify Information: Always check and double-check AI-generated content for accuracy and bias.
Human Oversight: Ensure human involvement in tasks that require cultural sensitivity and deep understanding, such as sign language translation and interpretation.
AI in Journalism: Ethical Considerations and Future Potential
AI has the potential to significantly enhance journalism, including its accessibility and efficiency. However, it also raises important ethical questions, particularly concerning the use of sign language content and the broader implications for the Deaf community. Here’s a closer look at how AI can impact journalism, including the distinctions between different AI applications and their ethical considerations:
Future potential of AI in journalism
Fast Subtitle Creation:Benefit: AI can rapidly generate subtitles for videos, improving accessibility for Deaf and hard of hearing viewers.
Ethical Consideration: Ensure that the AI-generated subtitles are accurate and sensitive to the nuances of sign language and Deaf culture. Additionally, there should be transparency about the use of AI in this process and the quality of the subtitles.
Enhanced Knowledge of Deaf Topics:Benefit: AI has the potential to deepen its understanding of Deaf culture and languages, leading to more informed and relevant reporting.
Ethical Consideration: AI systems must be trained on diverse and authentic sources from within the Deaf community to avoid perpetuating stereotypes or inaccuracies.Collaboration with Deaf experts is crucial for developing AI tools that accurately reflect Deaf perspectives.
Faster Editing Work:Benefit: AI tools can streamline the editing process, making it quicker and more efficient, which can be beneficial for producing timely and accurate news content.
Ethical Consideration: Maintain rigorous oversight to ensure that AI-assisted edits do not compromise the integrity or context of the content. Human judgement remains essential to uphold journalistic standards.
Better Accessibility for Deaf-Blind Individuals:Benefit: AI technologies can enhance accessibility features, offering tailored solutions that benefit Deaf-Blind individuals, such as improved text-to-speech or braille translation services.
Ethical Consideration: Develop these technologies in consultation with Deaf-Blind individuals to ensure that the solutions meet their specific needs and preferences.
Ethical questions and intellectual property
AI applications in journalism, particularly those involving sign language content, raise important ethical and intellectual property questions:
Sign language as cultural property:
Sign language is a vital part of Deaf culture and identity. When AI is used to access or generate content involving sign language, it’s crucial to recognise that sign language belongs to the Deaf community. This raises questions about ownership and compensation.
Example: If AI generates translations or avatars that use sign language, media organisations should consider how to acknowledge and compensate the Deaf community for their cultural contributions. This could involve direct collaboration with Deaf creators or compensating community organisations that contribute resources or expertise.
AI-Generated content vs. automatic translations: AI-generated images and content:
When AI creates images or other content that incorporates sign language or Deaf culture, it’s essential to ensure that the representation is accurate and respectful. Misuse or misrepresentation can perpetuate stereotypes or inaccuracies.
Example: If an AI system generates images of Deaf individuals using sign language, these images should be reviewed by Deaf community members to ensure authenticity and avoid reinforcing harmful stereotypes.
Automatic translations:
AI-powered translation tools that convert spoken language into sign language or subtitles must be evaluated for accuracy and cultural sensitivity. These tools should be tested and validated by Deaf experts to ensure they meet high standards of quality and respect for Deaf communication.
Example: AI systems that provide automatic translations of spoken content into sign language should be regularly reviewed by Deaf linguists to ensure that the translations are both accurate and contextually appropriate.
Balancing technology and human oversight
As AI continues to evolve, finding the right balance between leveraging technological advancements and maintaining human oversight will be crucial. This balance ensures that journalism remains accurate, inclusive, and respectful of the Deaf community’s unique needs and contributions.
Human oversight: Ensure that AI tools are used as aids rather than replacements for human judgement. Human oversight is necessary to address ethical considerations, validate AI-generated content, and maintain the integrity of journalism.
By carefully navigating these ethical considerations and incorporating feedback from the Deaf community, journalists and media organisations can harness the benefits of AI while respecting and valuing the cultural and intellectual contributions of Deaf individuals.
Through video interviews:
The Importance of Deaf-Led Media Organisations
In this video, the interviewee from the responsible of Dnieuws Teckenrapport and Médiapi, a.k.a our Holland, Sweden and French media partners discusses the significance of having Deaf individuals at the forefront of media organisations. We highlight how historically, hearing people have dominated the media industry, often overlooking the unique needs of the Deaf community. During the interview, it’s emphasised that Deaf-led media can better represent Deaf culture, sign language, and ensure accurate framing of stories. This video touches on the responsibility of Deaf media to act as a bridge between Deaf and hearing communities while ensuring Deaf stories are told authentically and with the necessary cultural sensitivity.
Video 2: How Deaf Media Empowers Communities
In this video, the interviewee delves into how Deaf-led media organisations empower the Deaf community by ensuring access to relevant and timely information. They discuss the importance of creating media content that is visually and culturally accessible, while also highlighting the unique role of Deaf media in raising awareness of Deaf issues, educating the broader society, and challenging stereotypes. This video emphasizes how Deaf media helps strengthen the community’s identity and influence.
Video 3: Design, Visual Identity, and Digital Strategy for Deaf Media
This video focuses on the crucial elements of design, visual identity, and the digital strategies needed to build a successful Deaf-led media organisation. Benedikt J. Sequeira Gerardo from the german media partner Taubenschlag discusses how a thoughtful and innovative approach to naming, branding, and design can help media organisations stand out and engage their audience effectively. Additionally, the video emphasizes the importance of digital platforms and maintaining a consistent, recognizable style across media, ensuring accessibility for Deaf audiences on social networks and websites.